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CONDITIONAL - IF

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 22 April 2016 0 komentar
Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

Conditional sentence type
Usage
If clause verb tense
Main clause verb tense
Zero
General truths
Simple present
Simple present
Type 1
A possible condition and its probable result
Simple present
Simple future
Type 2
A hypothetical condition and its probable result
Simple past
Present conditional or Present continuous conditional
Type 3
An unreal past condition and its probable result in the past
Past perfect
Perfect conditional
Mixed type
An unreal past condition and its probable result in the present
Past perfect
Present conditional


THE ZERO CONDITIONAL

The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.

If clause
Main clause
If + simple present
simple present
If this thing happens
that thing happens.
If you heat ice
it melts.
If it rains
the grass gets wet.
EXAMPLE:
  1. If you heat ice, it melts.
  2. Ice melts if you heat it.
  3. When you heat ice, it melts.
  4. Ice melts when you heat it.
  5. If it rains, the grass gets wet.
  6. The grass gets wet if it rains.
  7. When it rains, the grass gets wet.
  8. The grass gets wet when it rains.


TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL

The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.

If clause
Main clause
If + simple present
simple future
If this thing happens
that thing will happen.
If you don't hurry
you will miss the train.
If it rains today
you will get wet.
EXAMPLE:
  1. If I prepare well for the test I will pass it .
  2. If I have free time, I will go swimming.
  3. If the bell rings, I’ll go home.
  4. If you meet Andy, ask him to call me. [Imperative]
  5. If you don’t finish your homework, your teacher will be angry.
  6. If he doesn’t come, I won’t be angry. / Unless he comes, I won’t be angry.
  7. If they invite you, will you come?


TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If clause
Main clause
If + simple past
present conditional or present continuous conditional
If this thing happened
that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure this thing will happen) OR
that thing would be happening.
If you went to bed earlier
you would not be so tired.
If it rained
you would get wet.
If I spoke Italian
I would be working in Italy.
EXAMPLE:
  1. If I prepared well for the test, I should pass. (Fact: I don’t pass the test)
  2. If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day. (Fact: but I don’t have much hope it will rain)
  3. If Nisa studied hard, she would pass. (Fact: but Nisa doesn’t study hard)
  4. If I had much money, I would buy a sport car. (Fact: but I don’t have much money)
  5. If I were a millionaire, I would donate my money to charity. (Fact: but I’m not a millionaire)
  6. If Nisa studied hard, she wouldn’t fail.
  7. If Nisa didn’t study hard, she would fail.
  8. If I were a millionaire, I wouldn’t donate my money to charity


TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.

If clause
Main clause
If + past perfect
perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional
If this thing had happened
that thing would have happened. (but neither of those things really happened) OR
that thing would have been happening.
If you had studied harder
you would have passed the exam.
If it had rained
you would have gotten wet.
If I had accepted that promotion
I would have been working in Milan.
EXAMPLE:
  1. If I had prepared well for the test, I should have passed. (Fact: I didn’t pass)
  2. If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party. (Fact: but you didn’t remember)
  3. If I had given the interviewer really good answers, I might have got a higher position than you (Fact: but I didn’t give really good answers)
  4. If the waitress had been careful, she wouldn’t have broken many plates. (Fact: but the waitress wasn’t careful)
  5. If he had asked you for forgiveness, would you have forgiven him? (Fact: but he didn’t ask you for forgiveness)
  6. If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation
  7. I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.
  8. If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams


MIXED TYPE CONDITIONAL

The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If clause
Main clause
If + past perfect or simple past
present conditional or perfect conditional
If this thing had happened
that thing would happen. (but this thing didn't happen so that thing isn't happening)
If I had worked harder at school
I would have a better job now.
If we had looked at the map
we wouldn't be lost.
If you weren't afraid of spiders
you would have picked it up and put it outside.
EXAMPLE:
  1. If I had worked harder at school, I would have a better job now.
  2. I would have a better job now if I had worked harder at school.
  3. If we had looked at the map we wouldn't be lost.
  4. We wouldn't be lost if we had looked at the map.
  5. If you had caught that plane you would be dead now.
  6. You would be dead now if you had caught that plane.





reference:
http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/conditional/
http://mirnawati27.blogspot.co.id/2014/03/conditional-sentence-type-1-2-3.html
http://poentodito.blogspot.com/2013/04/conditional-sentences-type-123.html


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COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 15 April 2016 0 komentar
Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are individual objects, people, place and things that can be counted. For example; books, houses, americans, cats, dogs, cars, etc. A countable noun can be singular (a book) or plural (the book). The singular form of verb is used with a singular countable noun: The apple is red. The plural form of a verb is used with a plural countable noun: The apples are red.

 Uncountable Nouns
Uncuntables or mass nouns are subtances, concepts, information, materials, etc. Which are not individual object and cant be counted. They have no plural form.
For example :
  1. Subtances : Milk, cream, sugar, bread, flour, water, wine
  2. concept : Hope, peace, beauty, enterttainment, freedom
  3. Feelings and qualities : Anger, joy, honesty, pride
  4. activities : homework, sleep, surveillance
Uncountable or mass nouns are :

  1. used with no indefinite article (a/an) : Drink water if you are thirsty. (not: a water)
  2. take a singular verb : water is safe to drink in this area

To talk about a certain quantity, we use :

Some / a piece of / a drop of / a glass of / a slice of, etc.
  1. some milk / a drop of milk
  2. a pice of cheese / cake / pizza
  3. a slice of bread
  4. a glass of water
  5. a piece of advice / information  / news / luggage
  6. a news item
Common Uncountable Nouns :
Advice, acomodation, beggage, bread, cheese, equipment, furniture, happines, information, knowledge, literature, luggage, money, music, news, pasta, progress, research, sadness, travel, water, work...

Example of use :
  1. Water is a necessity
  2. could i have a slice of bread please ? 
  3. Have some cream with your strawberries
  4. that is an interesting piece information
  5. here is the latest news

Plural With No Singular Form
Some plural nouns have no singular form.
Examples are : earnings, (reading) glasses, trousers, shorts, scissors.
These nouns take a plural verb:
  1. The company's earnings are increasing every year.
  2. These scissors are rusty.
To refer to one item of clothing, tools or instruments which consist of two parts. a pair of is used:
  1. A pair of trousers
  2. A pair of scissors

Some nouns appear ro be plural in form but take a singular verb/
For example : News, guymnastic, athletics.
  1. Athletics is a competitive sport
  2. The news is not very good I am afraid
  3. Gymnastic is fun to watch



Reference :

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TELLING ABOUT YOUR EXPERIENCE

Posted by Unknown Kamis, 07 April 2016 0 komentar
Many students spend their time after finished the College for playing, and some even go home, I prefer to spend time after finished the College with positive things, one of which became an Assistant in the laboratory, many laboratories at the University of gunadarma, but I focus with Accounting laboratory. I become a assistant laboratorium of accounting because it is different from others, i am not from the recruitment but i’ve been called and in the offer to become a lab assistant. At that time, I feel many are called but my guess is wrong precisely who had come to test just a bit. After following the test and the interview until the day that awaited the announcement in receive or not into the accounting laboratory, i am so thankful that I became part of  assistant accounting laboratory precisely by 2015. A lot of experience that I get at the University of gunadarma, one of which was to become Assistant accounting laboratory. in there, I can get a lot of valuable experience, such as organitation, teaching as a lecturer, learn to be confident and courageous people, and learn to be responsible. But it is not just the experience I gained, but the science that I get in a laboratory that is not in the learn in class. Although tired, but in my opinion it is a process of change towards better than before and will be an experience that might not be forget.

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