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REPORTED SPEECH

Posted by Unknown Rabu, 18 Mei 2016 0 komentar

Reported speech is how we represent the speech of other people or what we ourselves say. There are two main types of reported speech: direct speech and indirect speech.

Direct speech repeats the exact words the person used, or how we remember their words:

Barbara said, “I didn’t realise it was midnight.”

In indirect speech, the original speaker’s words are changed.

Barbara said she hadn’t realised it was midnight.

In this example, I becomes she and the verb tense reflects the fact that time has passed since the words were spoken: didn’t realise becomeshadn’t realised.

Indirect speech focuses more on the content of what someone said rather than their exact words:

“I’m sorry,” said Mark. (direct)

Mark apologised. (indirect: report of a speech act)

In a similar way, we can report what people wrote or thought:

‘I will love you forever,’ he wrote, and then posted the note through Alice’s door. (direct report of what someone wrote)

He wrote that he would love her forever, and then posted the note through Alice’s door. (indirect report of what someone wrote)

I need a new direction in life, she thought. (direct report of someone’s thoughts)

She thought that she needed a new direction in life. (indirect report of someone’s thoughts)

Reported speech: reporting and reported clauses

Speech reports consist of two parts: the reporting clause and the reported clause. The reporting clause includes a verb such as say, tell, ask, reply, shout, usually in the past simple, and the reported clause includes what the original speaker said.

reporting clause	reported clause
William said,	“I need your help.”
Then a man shouted,	“Get out of there, fast!”
The postman said	he had a package for us.
Clarissa told* me*	she’s thinking of moving to Canada.

Reported speech: punctuation

Direct speech

In direct speech we usually put a comma between the reporting clause and the reported clause. The words of the original speaker are enclosed in inverted commas, either single (‘…’) or double (“…”). If the reported clause comes first, we put the comma inside the inverted commas:

“I couldn’t sleep last night,” he said.

Rita said, ‘I don’t need you any more.’

If the direct speech is a question or exclamation, we use a question mark or exclamation mark, not a comma:

‘Is there a reason for this?’ she asked.

“I hate you!” he shouted.

We sometimes use a colon (:) between the reporting clause and the reported clause when the reporting clause is first:

The officer replied: ‘It is not possible to see the General. He’s busy.’

Indirect speech

Warning:

In indirect speech it is more common for the reporting clause to come first. When the reporting clause is first, we don’t put a comma between the reporting clause and the reported clause. When the reporting clause comes after the reported clause, we use a comma to separate the two parts:

She told me they had left her without any money.

Not: ~~She told me, they had left her without any money~~.

Nobody had gone in or out during the previous hour, he informed us.

Warning:

We don’t use question marks or exclamation marks in indirect reports of questions and exclamations:

He asked me why I was so upset.

Not: ~~He asked me why I was so upset?~~

Reported speech: reporting verbs

Say and tell

We can use say and tell to report statements in direct speech, but say is more common. We don’t always mention the person being spoken to withsay, but if we do mention them, we use a prepositional phrase with to (to me, to Lorna):

‘I’ll give you a ring tomorrow,’ she said.

‘Try to stay calm,’ she said to us in a low voice.

Not: ~~‘Try to stay calm,’ she said us in a low voice~~.

With tell, we always mention the person being spoken to; we use an indirect object (underlined):

‘Enjoy yourselves,’ he told them.

Not: ~~‘Enjoy yourselves,’ he told~~.

In indirect speech, say and tell are both common as reporting verbs. We don’t use an indirect object with say, but we always use an indirect object (underlined) with tell:

He said he was moving to New Zealand.

Not: ~~He said me he was moving to New Zealand~~.

He told me he was moving to New Zealand.

Not: ~~He told he was moving to New Zealand~~.

We use say, but not tell, to report questions:

‘Are you going now?’ she said.

Not: ~~‘Are you going now?’ she told me~~.

We use say, not tell, to report greetings, congratulations and other wishes:

‘Happy birthday!’ she said.

Not: ~~Happy birthday!’ she told me~~.

Everyone said good luck to me as I went into the interview.

Not: ~~Everyone told me good luck~~ …

Other reporting verbs

add	comment	explain	offer	state
admit	complain	hint	order	suggest
advise	confess	inform	point out	threaten
agree	confirm	insist	promise	warn
announce	continue	interrupt	protest	wonder
answer	cry (= shout)	maintain	repeat
ask	demand	note	reply
claim	enquire	observe	shout

The reporting verbs in this list are more common in indirect reports, in both speaking and writing:

Simon admitted that he had forgotten to email Andrea.

Louis always maintains that there is royal blood in his family.

The builder pointed out that the roof was in very poor condition.

Most of the verbs in the list are used in direct speech reports in written texts such as novels and newspaper reports. In ordinary conversation, we don’t use them in direct speech. The reporting clause usually comes second, but can sometimes come first:

‘Who is that person?’ she asked.

‘It was my fault,’ he confessed.

‘There is no cause for alarm,’ the Minister insisted.

Source: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/reported-speech

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ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 13 Mei 2016 0 komentar

ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES

Ellipsis means leaving something out. Elliptical sentence is a shorter form of sentence which some words have been omitted, but it retains the same meaning. It is used so that we can avoid unnecessary repeated words.

The sentence this ellipsis can be formed if:

* the second sentence has the same sentence. (Elements of a sentence; Subject, Predicate, Object/Complement)
* Second sentence using the tenses of the same, with the same predicate pattern. When his tensis the same, but the pattern of his different predicates, the second sentence can not be simplified with a pattern of ellipsis.

here are 3 forms of the phrase ellipsis:
1. Positive Elliptics
2. Negative Elliptics
3. Opposite Elliptics

1. POSITIVE ELLIPTICS (too and so)
Too and so (=) is used if the second sentence positive.
shaped The pattern of his sentence:

Or

example:

I am an artist. Maya is an artist
– I am an artist and Maya is too
– I am an artist and so is Maya

I like tea. Ronaldo likes
tea.

– I like tea and Ronaldo does too.
– I like tea and so does Ronaldo.

Dora went to London. Emon
went to London.

– Dora Emon went to London and did
too.

– Dora went to London and so did Emon

Rudi can speak Japanese. Susi can speak Japanese.
– Rudi can speak Japanese and Susi can
too.

– Rudi can speak Japanese and so can Susi.

2. NEGATIVE ELLIPTICS (either and "neither)
Either and" neither (= also do not) is used if the second sentence shaped negative
The pattern of his sentence:

Or

example:

I am not an artist. Maya is not an
artist.

– I am not an artist and Maya isn't
either.

– I am not an artist and "neither is Maya.

I don't like tea. Ronaldo doesn't like tea
– I don't like tea and Ronaldo doesn't either.
– I don't like tea and "neither does Ronaldo.

Dora didn't go to London. Emon didn't go to London.
– Dora didn't go to London and Emon
didn't either. – Dora didn't go to London and "neither did Emon

Rudi cannot speak Japanese. Susi cannot speak Japanese.
– Rudi can't speak Japanese and Susi can't
either.

– Rudi can't speak Japanese and "neither can Susi.

3. OPPOSITE ELLIPTICS (but)
But (= but) is used if the second sentence contradicts.

The pattern of his sentence:

Or

example:

I am an artist. Maya is not an
artist.

– I am an artist but Maya is not

I don't like tea. Ronaldo like
tea.

– I don't like tea but Ronaldo does.

Dora went to London. Emon didn't go to London. – Dora went to London but Emon didn't

Rudi cannot speak Japanese. Susi can speak Japanese.
– Rudi cannot speak Japanese but Susi can

source:

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TELLING ABOUT MY PLANS

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 06 Mei 2016 0 komentar

People as a social being does not escape the desires that drive their bold things. wishes it could either be the ideals and purpose of life, but it is not uncommon to obstacles facing the us and dropping all the time all in sight. Table of achievement that we discussed this time is the time sequence and the events that have occurred in our lives, while planning to live more to the purpose, goals and expectations in the future.

I was the second of five brothers who have diverse goals, to be a pilot, architect, doctor and want to make the computer but it's all just aspiration since childhood only. When I went to college with majors in accounting, then my focus in the Department of accounting. And then I want to be an auditor or working on the hood and working at the Ministry of finance and taxation

The following plan my life ahead:

1. Before I graduated from gunadarma I will follow English tutoring in English in Kediri. Now that English already is mandatory for me to master it even entered the MEA.

2. I attended the gunadarma with majoring in accounting, after graduation, then I will be looking for a job in the field of accounting, namely tax, banking or finance-related.

3. After I received the call, I would not choose a company big or small because the main thing I want to be, its work experiences.

4. After I accepted to work, I will seriously, because this is the first step to reaching success.

5. After the time goes by, I will be saving some of my income, because I have ideals, namely wants to establish a minimart and want to also establish a home meal, but it takes a very large capital, but if we seek and pray everything will be answered. Aammiin

6. When I already have a minimarket and restaurant, I will proceed to College Graduate, because I think it is very important that education and prepare me to be a businessman.

7. The last one I will be looking for a life partner that has been specified by the Almighty God, and I will make a family that sakinah, mawadah, and warohmah. and have a good descent and can appease his parents. Aammin

the following plan my life, should I accomplish by way of trying,

and pray. " Anyone who seriously it will be successful "

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CONDITIONAL - IF

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 22 April 2016 0 komentar

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

Conditional sentence type	Usage	If clause verb tense	Main clause verb tense
Zero	General truths	Simple present	Simple present
Type 1	A possible condition and its probable result	Simple present	Simple future
Type 2	A hypothetical condition and its probable result	Simple past	Present conditional or Present continuous conditional
Type 3	An unreal past condition and its probable result in the past	Past perfect	Perfect conditional
Mixed type	An unreal past condition and its probable result in the present	Past perfect	Present conditional

THE ZERO CONDITIONAL

The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.

If clause	Main clause
If + simple present	simple present
If this thing happens	that thing happens.
If you heat ice	it melts.
If it rains	the grass gets wet.

EXAMPLE:

If you heat ice, it melts.
Ice melts if you heat it.
When you heat ice, it melts.
Ice melts when you heat it.
If it rains, the grass gets wet.
The grass gets wet if it rains.
When it rains, the grass gets wet.
The grass gets wet when it rains.

TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL

The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.

If clause	Main clause
If + simple present	simple future
If this thing happens	that thing will happen.
If you don't hurry	you will miss the train.
If it rains today	you will get wet.

EXAMPLE:

If I prepare well for the test I will pass it .
If I have free time, I will go swimming.
If the bell rings, I’ll go home.
If you meet Andy, ask him to call me. [Imperative]
If you don’t finish your homework, your teacher will be angry.
If he doesn’t come, I won’t be angry. / Unless he comes, I won’t be angry.
If they invite you, will you come?

TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If clause	Main clause
If + simple past	present conditional or present continuous conditional
If this thing happened	that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure this thing will happen) OR that thing would be happening.
If you went to bed earlier	you would not be so tired.
If it rained	you would get wet.
If I spoke Italian	I would be working in Italy.

EXAMPLE:

If I prepared well for the test, I should pass. (Fact: I don’t pass the test)
If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day. (Fact: but I don’t have much hope it will rain)
If Nisa studied hard, she would pass. (Fact: but Nisa doesn’t study hard)
If I had much money, I would buy a sport car. (Fact: but I don’t have much money)
If I were a millionaire, I would donate my money to charity. (Fact: but I’m not a millionaire)
If Nisa studied hard, she wouldn’t fail.
If Nisa didn’t study hard, she would fail.
If I were a millionaire, I wouldn’t donate my money to charity

TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.

If clause	Main clause
If + past perfect	perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional
If this thing had happened	that thing would have happened. (but neither of those things really happened) OR that thing would have been happening.
If you had studied harder	you would have passed the exam.
If it had rained	you would have gotten wet.
If I had accepted that promotion	I would have been working in Milan.

EXAMPLE:

If I had prepared well for the test, I should have passed. (Fact: I didn’t pass)
If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party. (Fact: but you didn’t remember)
If I had given the interviewer really good answers, I might have got a higher position than you (Fact: but I didn’t give really good answers)
If the waitress had been careful, she wouldn’t have broken many plates. (Fact: but the waitress wasn’t careful)
If he had asked you for forgiveness, would you have forgiven him? (Fact: but he didn’t ask you for forgiveness)
If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation
I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.
If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams

MIXED TYPE CONDITIONAL

The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If clause	Main clause
If + past perfect or simple past	present conditional or perfect conditional
If this thing had happened	that thing would happen. (but this thing didn't happen so that thing isn't happening)
If I had worked harder at school	I would have a better job now.
If we had looked at the map	we wouldn't be lost.
If you weren't afraid of spiders	you would have picked it up and put it outside.

EXAMPLE:

If I had worked harder at school, I would have a better job now.
I would have a better job now if I had worked harder at school.
If we had looked at the map we wouldn't be lost.
We wouldn't be lost if we had looked at the map.
If you had caught that plane you would be dead now.
You would be dead now if you had caught that plane.

reference:

http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/conditional/

http://mirnawati27.blogspot.co.id/2014/03/conditional-sentence-type-1-2-3.html

http://poentodito.blogspot.com/2013/04/conditional-sentences-type-123.html

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COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 15 April 2016 0 komentar

Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are individual objects, people, place and things that can be counted. For example; books, houses, americans, cats, dogs, cars, etc. A countable noun can be singular (a book) or plural (the book). The singular form of verb is used with a singular countable noun: The apple is red. The plural form of a verb is used with a plural countable noun: The apples are red.

Uncountable Nouns
Uncuntables or mass nouns are subtances, concepts, information, materials, etc. Which are not individual object and cant be counted. They have no plural form.
For example :

Subtances : Milk, cream, sugar, bread, flour, water, wine
concept : Hope, peace, beauty, enterttainment, freedom
Feelings and qualities : Anger, joy, honesty, pride
activities : homework, sleep, surveillance

Uncountable or mass nouns are :

used with no indefinite article ~~(a/an)~~ : Drink water if you are thirsty. (not: ~~a water~~)

take a singular verb : water is safe to drink in this area

To talk about a certain quantity, we use :

Some / a piece of / a drop of / a glass of / a slice of, etc.

some milk / a drop of milk

a pice of cheese / cake / pizza

a slice of bread

a glass of water

a piece of advice / information / news / luggage

a news item

Common Uncountable Nouns :

Advice, acomodation, beggage, bread, cheese, equipment, furniture, happines, information, knowledge, literature, luggage, money, music, news, pasta, progress, research, sadness, travel, water, work...

Example of use :